Markets and products are not interchangeable. Understand ownership, leverage, settlement and local availability.
Ownership
Stocks & ETFs
Stocks represent a share of a company. ETFs pool assets and trade on an exchange; their holdings and structure determine what you actually own.
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Learn earnings, valuation, diversification, dividends, exchange hours and order types.
Key risks
Company failures, market declines and concentration can cause losses. ETFs are not all diversified; leveraged ETFs have additional risks.
Currency pairs
Forex
Forex exchanges one currency for another. A pair such as EUR/USD quotes the price of euros in US dollars; currency exposure can be held directly or through derivatives.
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Understand pips, spreads, lot size, interest rates, economic calendars and overnight financing.
Key risks
Leverage magnifies small moves. Retail forex products can be complex, with margin calls and counterparty risk.
Digital assets
Crypto
Spot trading exchanges digital assets. Derivatives give price exposure without necessarily owning the asset. Custody and wallet security are separate decisions.
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Understand spot versus perpetual contracts, funding rates, liquidity, wallets and exchange custody.
Key risks
Extreme volatility, hacks, scams, exchange failures and liquidation can result in losing all funds. Stablecoins can lose their peg.
Physical markets
Commodities
Gold, oil, agricultural products and other commodities can be accessed through physical holdings, funds or derivative contracts.
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Study supply and demand, seasonality, storage, currency effects and the instrument you are buying.
Key risks
Futures-linked funds may behave differently from spot prices because of contract rolls, costs and market structure.
Contract obligations
Futures
A futures contract obligates counterparties to transact according to specified terms. Contracts have defined sizes, expiry dates and settlement methods.
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Understand tick value, margin, daily settlement, expiry and cash versus physical settlement.
Key risks
Leverage and gaps can create losses beyond an initial margin deposit. Expiring contracts may involve delivery obligations.
Rights & obligations
Options
A call gives its buyer a right to buy; a put gives a right to sell, under the contract terms. Sellers take on corresponding obligations.
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Learn strike, premium, expiration, time decay, implied volatility, exercise and assignment.
Key risks
Buyers can lose the entire premium. Some selling strategies have very large or theoretically unlimited loss potential.
All-or-nothing contracts
Binary options
Binary options pay a fixed amount or nothing based on a yes/no condition at expiry. They are not the same as conventional exchange-traded options.
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Understand payout asymmetry, expiry, platform conflicts and local legal restrictions before considering any product.
Key risks
Extremely high risk. Many jurisdictions restrict or prohibit retail binary options. Fraud and withdrawal problems are widely reported; do not treat them as a beginner earning method.
Price-difference contracts
CFDs
A contract for difference settles the change in an underlying price. You generally do not own the underlying asset.
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Understand leverage, spread, financing, margin closeout and counterparty terms.
Key risks
Rapid losses are possible. Retail access and negative-balance protections vary by jurisdiction; do not assume protection.
Debt securities
Bonds & rates
Bonds are debt instruments. Prices respond to interest rates, credit quality and maturity; bond funds do not behave exactly like individual bonds held to maturity.
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Learn yield versus coupon, duration, credit ratings and interest-rate sensitivity.
Key risks
Default, inflation and rate changes can reduce value. A higher yield often signals higher risk.